Write a minimum 300 word essay on the various steps of cellular respiration in microbes.
In your essay include information on catabolism, anabolism, reaction of cellular respiration, location where the steps are happening, how much ATP and NADH are generated in each
step, what is the starting and end product of each step and which reactions are redox and why.
Question 2:
Each year across the world, manufacturers produce more than 300 million tons of paper , mostly in the United States where over 50 million trees each year are turned into paper. If the enormous amount of chemical energy contained in the chemical bonds of cellulose in waste paper could be converted into biofuels, we could simultaneously relieve a major burden on landfills and provide a large new source for the energy industry.
The pulp papermaking process began in China during the early 2nd century AD, and paper allowed the information revolution of printing and books, which dramatically advanced the knowledge base of civilization. Pulp is a suspension of cellulose fibers from wood or other plant
sources in water that, when pressed and dried, makes paper. In plants, cellulose is mixed
with another polymer, lignin, which strengthens the cellulose. Modern paper manufacturers
remove lignin, because lignin causes paper to turn yellow over time. For the purpose of
making biofuels, paper is a better carbon source than raw wood or other plant material
because paper is almost pure cellulose, whereas, trees and other plants contain many
different compounds.There are a number of microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, and protozoa, that naturally degrade cellulose, which is not surprising, given that it may be the most abundant polymer at Earth, at an estimated 700 billion tons! That represents a large
amount of stored energy.
- Based on your knowledge of Chapter 6, what kind of microbe will be ideal to
- metabolise the cellulose in paper. (Hint: In terms of nutrition requirements and oxygen requirements)
- Through research, look up which microbe can be used in order to effectively degrade cellulose and convert it to biofuel. Why did you choose this microbe? Explain.
- Write a possible metabolic reaction that the microbe may use in order to degrade the
- cellulose. Label all substrates and products.
- What could be different about the environmental impact of a genetically engineered
- bacterium containing many different cellulases (enzymes that degrade cellulose) and
- related enzymes, as contrasted with natural communities of microorganisms that
- degrade cellulose?
Question 3:
Through research and reading Chapter 6, pick a disease that involves formation of biofilms in order to establish an infection. Discuss in terms of biofilms, what are the different steps the microbe performs in order to colonise the tissue. How is it advantageous for the
microbe? How is it disadvantageous for the host? What are the implications in terms of
antibiotic action on biofilms?
use Cavities or Vibrio Vulnificus for this question
Question 4:
Read this article on the story of antiseptic discovery by Joseph Lister
https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/joseph-lister-and-the-story-of-antiseptic-surgery/
Describe your views on what methods of antimicrobial treatments helped to curtail the spread of infectious diseases during the time of Joseph Lister. Emphasize which of these methods is bactericidal, bacteriostatic, antiseptic, disinfecting and sanitizing.
We are now faced with a similar problem. In late 2019, a new viral disease emerged from
China, COVID-19. Due to thousands of people getting infected and hospitalized, hospitals are running short of gloves, masks and ventilators. Describe how this might impact the
spread of infectious disease like COVID-19 and how can this be solved.
All your answers should be detailed and written in your own words. It will be graded on
the quality of your essays. A minimum of 3 citations are required for your written assignment. Scientific journals should be cited in APA format.