Critically discuss this statement including whether you believe the JESIP Joint Decision model would be better if a code of ethics lay at its core, and what difference you believe a change to this position would make in practice.

JESIP ‘M/ETHANE’ emergency procedures

response is required the first responder may need to make that decision,

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JESIP wehsite) is M/ETHANE as follows:

empana lanes as the standard / sit procedure for Incidents (tul tetals avalable from us.

• Major incident declared?
• Exact location;
• Type of Incident;
• Hazards, present or suspected;
• Access routes that are safe to use;
• Number, type, severity of casualties; and
• Emergency services–those present and those required.

When a major or multi-agency incident has been declared, it can take time to implement the appropriate strategic and tactical response, so it is vital to ensure that incidents are ident. fied and declared as soon as possible. Accurate information is essential. A number of ‘apps are avallable for smartphones and tablet devices which claim to help with recording and convey. ing the information associated with ‘M/ETHANE’, but you should only use these if instructed to do so by your police force.

Out of all the services that may attend such an incident, only the police will be constantly alert to the possibility that a crime has been committed, and that the emergency, major, or critical inc dent could also be a crime scene (see 11.2). For example, after a road traffic collision, consideration must be given as to whether the driver was under the influence of drink or drugs; and after a fall from a height, did the woman fall or was she pushed; is this a natural or a suspicious death? Police oficers should be suspicious and be alert to any signatures or characteristic signs that there is something wrong. For example, a witness may remark ‘funny thing that man hanging roundall maring; oran oficer may spotan article at the scene (or nearby), such as an empty suitcase. This might suggest that al is not what it seems, and problem-solving skills can help clarity ideas.

96 Chapter 10 initial Investigation, Arrest, Detention, and Disposal
NDM Stage 1–Gather Information

• Who is the male? Can we confirm his ID?
• Does he have an address? Can we confirm this?
• Are there any health/drug abuse issues?
• What is the value of the property stolen?
• Was the property recovered intact?

Who witnessed the offence? Will they give formal statements?

Who wetnere wictim support a prosecution? Do they wish to proceed with civil recover,

NDM Stage 2- Determine the Threat

• Any officer safety issues with regards to the suspect?
• Any threat to other members of the public?
• Any child or vulnerable person involved?
• Is the suspect a repeat offender?
• Is the store a repeat victim?

NDM Stage 3-What Powers Do the Police Have to Deal With the Problem?

• Is a search necessary?

What is the force policy with regards to shoplifting?

• Is there a ‘reason to arrest’ present (ID COPPLAN)?

NDM Stage 4– Draw Up List of Options

• Confirm suspect details for the store to institute civil recovery?
• Confirm suspect details for the store to ban them from premises?
• No further action necessary?
• Invite suspect for a voluntary interview?
• Arrest suspect for theft?

NDM Stage 5-Take Action from List of Options

• Consult the Code of Ethics before making decision to arrest, and only do so if powers

difficult.

have to be prepared to justry the

see 3.3.2 on the NOM)

The National Decision Model

5.5.2

The police routinely makese members of the public may be tuations, where the information mat he incomplete, or sons fitical decision-making in pot trying to delberael milesto. undermine police responses nodel consists of a number policing is informed by the Nasons matston Madel (NDM). The rihe NDM is mainly drawn freiements, with the Code of Bitha; being central. The wording or making decisions in then tram operational police culture, bor the intention is that anyone making deasions in the police service (both operational and non-operational) should use it.

The NDM, introduced in 2012, appears to have been developed in part from the Conflict Management Model (CMM) which was employed for decision-making in the context of public order and firearms incidents. The models are similar, although the NDM is focused around the Code of Ethics, and includes review as one of the essential elements. The NDM relates to ACPO’s 2011 Statement of Mission and Values, and ACTO suggested it would support decision-making which had been undertaken by police officers who had followed the NDM; the 10PC will provide similar support. The topics covered in 5.5.2 are likely to contribute to the learning required for the National Policing Curriculum subject area: ‘Decision-making and

Discretion

When making decisions using the NDM the mnemonic ClAPOAR can be used as an aide-memoire:

° Code of Ethics- -the policing principles and standards of professional behaviour

• Information–gather information and intelligence;
• Assessment–assess threat and risk and develop a working strategy Tapter S: Roles, Responsibilities, and support
• Powers and policy consider powers and poncy;
• Options identity the options and contingencies;
• Action–take action;
• Review.
• In essence, the NDM seeks to provide the policy basis and ethical underpinning for taking action, or for deciding not to act. Police officers might sometimes need to work outside of policy it the circumstances require, but justification and documentation is still required.
• Reservations concerning the applicability of the NDM have been expressed, particularly with respect to criminal investigations (see 24.2.1).
• The College of Policing APP outlines a number of principles that are fundamental to the NDM
• (CoP, 2014c), to encourage and support professional judgement. As professionals, the police have to be able to make decisions in uncertain conditions, and the first consideration should be the public safety and security. When judging possible risks from decisions the possible benefits and harm must be taken into account, and it must be accepted that harm can never be totally prevented. Therefore, a decision involving risk should be judged by how good the decision-making was, and not by the actual outcome, so any police officer who has followed these principles when making a decision should be supported. The principles clearly state that making decisions concerning risk is inherently difficult, and that the extent to which an officer’s decisions present risks should be judged in comparison with others in a similar professional position, and that deciding whether to record decisions about risk is a matter of protessional judgement. It is emphasized that examples of good risk taking should be ident ted and shared, and that communication and cooperation with other agencies will help improve decision-making (CoP, 2013g).
• 553

and Support

Discharge of a trainee police officer

malios condi? (Amendment Regalations 2011

5.5

Decision-making in Policing

motelamante in coveras ins nacatsons latest on a set or ethical an ent police, lion k, pate anal anon or a conding to enotan in sees on making: and linall examine theeth.,.

лоно ринкие, пом стіся оо полесто и оринотисти екроста о аво іне кау, із мансу

pales ancon night fall short of the ethical requirements expected of the police service

Ethics and policing

5.5. 1

Etes are Important for all police officers becal the pole unrthods and procedures do nor matings ethical standards then the authorte aft tholice wait be undermined and the no. meet hikate les trust in the police and the lawy the expected standards of behaviour an lice my denned in existing documents, but tiles of moral behaviour tat ileas, and it a police deser detons are to ting true, his/her own rules of moral behaviour for personal ethics need oticerspond with the fone’s formal requirements. Diversity training provides trainees we lither opportunilies for considering personal views and feelings about a range of possible attitudes and behaviours.

A number of offical documents set out guidance (in varying degrees of detall and levels o official standing) concerning police ethics and behaviour. These documents include:

• the Policing Professional Profiles;

. the Police (Conduct) Regulations 2012;

• the Police (Performance) Regulations 2012;
• the Police Regulations 2003; and
• the College of Policing Code of Ethics.

However, at the time of writing, the government is in the process of drafting a number of pieces of legislation: the Police (Conduct) Regulations 2019; the Police (Complaints and Misconduct) Regulations 2019; the Police (Performance) Regulations 2019; and the Police Appeal Tribunal Rules 2019. These new regulations will probably be laid before Parliament sometime in early 2019, and at the time of writing, are scheduled to come into force on 1 April

2019. Any changes introduced by this new legislation will have an impact on police ethics and behaviour. For a fuller explanation of the proposed changes that will follow the implementa-

2018).

tion of the new legislation see the Police Federation Quick Reference Guide (Police Federation,

The Police (Conduct) Regulations 2012 contain the ‘Standards of Professional Behaviour (see

5.3.1), guidance on police officer behaviour when off duty (see also 5.4), and misconduct pro cedures (see 5.6). There are similar documents for police officers in Northern Ireland, Scotland

and non-Home Office Forces.

The police have always been affected by changes in customs, beliefs, and social morale Policing norms are shaped by social norms and so ethical questions concerning what police olicers ought to do in particular circumstances are interpreted according to the mond values of the day. For example, there has been a shift in police practice from being responsive to being proactive, and more emphasis is placed on preventing crime.

5.5 Decision-making in Policing 79

in recent years policing has been informed increasingly by the need to demonstrate value for money (sometimes through reductions in police staffing levels) and to meet targets set by gov-emment. This form of managertalism has been criticized by some chief officers because it leads to police others becoming overconcerned with meeting targets, and because it is not always easy to measure the things that the police need to do.

The role of police in internationar peacekeeping (alongside a military presence and other supporting agencies from ditterent parts of the world) demands an ethical consistency across different organizations with very different values and traditions. This might sometimes include British police officers working alongside officers from other countries where there may be widespread corruption and the status of police officers is very low.

Poor pay for the police

LOw status of poice

Note that there are no certain answers to this exercise, you might argue that it is the for status that is causing the low pay

One of the key skills trainee porce oficers have to develop during training is the ability to apply discretion (see 5.5.3), and this is unked with ethics. For example, imagine a trainee on Supervised Patrol and her tutor are called to deal with a theft at a supermarket, with instruc-tons to investigate the matter and decide upon a course of action. The offender is a confused

94-yeat-old man who has apparently picked up a bag of apples and wandered out of the store, pursued by store detectives. the old man had technically committed a crime, but there were mitigating circumstances: his age and frailty must be taken into account, and proving intention permanently to deprive (the basis of the Theft Act 1968 (see 16.2)) would be somewhat difficult. Enforcing the law might not be the most appropriate response, but police officers have to be prepared to justify the reasons for any decision (see 5.5.2 on the NDM).

M/ETHANE – JESIP Website

National decision model | College of Policing