Reponse post should be at least 150 words, formatted and (in-text) cited in current APA style with support from 1 academic source per response.
question 1:
Family and kinship is the most important thing next to God for the Perez family. According to Purnell (2014), “the concept of familism is an all-encompassing value among Mexicans, for whom the traditional family is still the foundation of society. Family takes precedence over work and all other aspects of life�. Grandparents, parents, and children are considered a nuclear family unit. During a time of need, family comes together to support one another. Spending time as a family is important and vital in a Mexican family. The foundation for the Perez family is based on family and religion. This creates a strong bond within the family and strong familial values. The father is the provider and the primary decision maker for the household. The wife generally tends to the home and the children while the children participate in house chores to help their parents soften the load. The children respect their parents and have a close connection to both parents.
Religion plays an important role for the Perez family. They have been taught that if they believe and pray to God, that God will take care of them. The power of prayer is the answer to everything. Mexican families such as the Perez family practice Catholicism. According to Purnell (2014), “Catholics, and their religion has a major influence on health-care practices and beliefs�. If a family cannot attend church on a regular basis, they will pray to an altar in their home. Most altars consist of a statue of a patron saint or Jesus where they can place religious items to pray to. When Mr. Perez is hospitalized for his surgery, he will most likely ask to be visit by a priest. The family will most likely pray together with the priest prior to Mr. Perez undergoing surgery. The healthcare provider will also be asked to pray with the family.
Some stereotypes about Mexican Americans that were dispelled in this case with the Perez family are that they only speak Spanish. In the case of the Perez family, all family members have learned to speak English in order to further their careers as well as educations. Another stereotype is that Mexican Americans are not educated. The Perez family has also proved to have several family members who continued their education and became professionals.
Mrs. Perez’s role in the family is the glue of the family. She is the one that takes care of her family’s spiritual, physical, and emotional needs. She along with their daughter will be the caretakers for her husband after he has surgery. She probably is the bridge between the healthcare provider and her husband. She is the one that will manage her husbands care and follow the plan of care from the physician. It is important that during this process that Mr. and Mrs. Perez listen to the advice of their healthcare provider as well as their daughter who is a nurse. Because of their beliefs in a curandero. According to Wigington (2018), “typically, it is believed that a curandero is someone who has been given the gift of healing by God himself — remember, most Spanish-speaking countries are heavily Catholic�. It is important for their daughter to explain to their parents that before taking any remedies, they must ask their healthcare provider. This will prevent any interactions with any new medications that Mr. Perez is taking after surgery. It seems as though Mr. and Mrs. Perez believe that no matter what the diagnosis, God will provide for them. This was seen after the birth of their first child. The doctor advised against having more children but they prayed to God and therefore had 5 other children despite the medical advice. This will be the biggest hurdle for their daughter who has received proper medical training but I believe that Mr. Perez will fair well especially because of his daughter.
Question 2:
The case scenario reveals that the Perez family adores their culture, unity, and family. It is noticeable despite Perez moving to the United States at 18. Mr. Perez has continued to uphold cultural beliefs and traditional cultural activities for more than five decades by practicing and passing the same to his children and grandchildren. The extended family meets in the family home at La Loma for cultural and familiar gatherings. Also, retaining Spanish has sustained Mexican culture in the family. So, traditions, culture, and Family activities promote kinship and unite the extended family into one unit. In matters affecting the family, Mr. and Mrs. Perez teach and assist other family members in leading a life acceptable to the Mexican culture. In short, kinship in Perez’s family remains integral in enhancing collaboration, peace, and unity while handling family issues (Purnell, 2013). No crisis comes to haunt this family with the intimate understanding between members.
Describe the Importance of Religion and God for the Perez Family
Perez’s family identifies itself as a Catholic family. God remains life’s prime provider and protects the family from sickness and injuries. The hanging of Catholic religious items like the Statutes of St. Jude and Our Lady of Guadalupe, prayer books, and rosary on the table is a good indicator that religion plays a critical role in the life of the Perez family. More importantly, the family has prayers together, thanking God for the gift of life and healthy birthing of family members. Besides, everyone attends Sunday mass and holds gatherings in a local restaurant with church members. Religion provides an excellent way to pass the Mexican culture to other people through events, placement of pinups, and festivities (Zoucha & Zamarripa-Zoucha, 2021). God in Mexican culture remains active and performs miracles like in the past.
Identify two Stereotypes about Mexican Americans that were dispelled in this case with the Perez Family
Many stereotypes are fuelled against Mexican Americans regarding their life and activities in the United States. First, Mexican Americans are unwilling to learn English is a common stereotype. Many American views these Mexicans as facing difficulties communicating in English. However, the case underlines that all Perez family members speak English and Spanish fluently. The second stereotype is that Mexican American women are home caretakers and do not work. The case disbanded this notion by noting that Mrs. Perez was a retired teacher aide, and her daughter is a licensed nurse working out of the state. These typecasts of women being home caretakers are long gone, and most Mexican women are working in traditional work and the gig economy.
What is the role of Mrs. Perez in this Family?
The case study indicates that Mrs. Perez provides emotional, spiritual, and physical care for the family. Therefore, Mrs. Perez takes care of the family by ensuring good foods, participation of all members in religious matters, and counseling family members. On health matters, women assist the sick and elderly at home. Without a husband, the wife becomes the head of the family.
Question 3:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are the first-line treatment for osteoarthritis (Magni et al., 2021). Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, and others) and naproxen sodium are examples of over-the-counter drugs. NSAIDs are drugs that aid in the relief of pain. Some second-line drugs include paracetamol and Duloxetine, an antidepressant to alleviate chronic pain. Ibuprofen is the most used first-line medication for osteoarthritis (Magni et al., 2021). The medication’s method of action is described as non-selective reverse inhibition. Ibuprofen, like other NSAIDs, functions by blocking the pathways of the enzyme cyclooxygenase. The enzyme modulates temperature and pain with prostaglandins (Barcella et al., 2019). Ibuprofen also suppresses the production of thromboxane, which is responsible for blood clotting stimulation. Ibuprofen’s mechanism of action (MOA) causes clinical effects as well as some adverse effects because it inhibits both Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The suppression of COX-1 activity is thought to generate adverse effects such as Gastrointestinal ulcers. COX-2 inhibition lowers the production of prostaglandins, the lipids responsible for pain, fever, edema, and inflammation. Although the precise MOA of ibuprofen is uncertain, research links it to the effect of other NSAIDs.
The FDA has licensed Celebrex for managing adult osteoarthritis (Magni et al., 2021). However, newer information regarding the medicine indicates its negative effects, particularly digestive and cardiovascular issues. For Celebrex, the FDA inserted a boxed warning regarding the same thing. Sally is concerned about taking the drug because of the possibility of heart problems (Magni et al., 2021). Patient education is essential for Sally to overcome her anxieties about taking the drug; the advantages and hazards are essential teaching points. The training should emphasize that Sally’s osteoarthritis care requires a pharmaceutical change after ibuprofen therapy fails. Like ibuprofen, the medicine relieves pain, inflammation, and fever produced by osteoarthritis. According to the FDA boxed warning, it may raise the risk of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, heart failure, heart attack, and stroke (Barcella et al., 2019). Before a prescription for Celebrex is issued, healthcare specialists must assess Sally’s heart health. Sally should understand that a low-dose medication for the shortest period is typically prescribed to prevent cardiovascular illnesses.
Furthermore, teaching should emphasize the symptoms of cardiovascular illness, such as chest tightness, back, jaw, or arm discomfort, numbness, and paralysis (Barcella et al., 2019). It is important to disclose these symptoms to receive emergency assistance. Once the cardiovascular condition is resolved, a different medicine will be prescribed for osteoarthritis. Celebrex and ibuprofen are NSAIDs used to treat the same conditions: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute and moderate pain (Barcella et al., 2019). The FDA has approved both drugs to treat osteoarthritis. The main distinction between these drugs is their MOA. All NSAIDs block prostaglandins produced by two enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2 (Barcella et al., 2019). Celebrex is a selective inhibitor since it exclusively inhibits COX-2, whereas ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor because it inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 (Magni et al., 2021). According to this viewpoint, Celebrex has a lower chance of adverse effects such as stomach ulcers.
Question 4:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most typical type of arthritis, impacting over 32.5 million US adults (Jang et al., 2021). Osteoarthritis occurs when a joint’s cartilage starts to degrade, and the underlying bone starts to alter. It commonly affects the hands, hips, and knees. The case study shows Sally, a 50-year-old female who has recently been diagnosed with osteoarthritis.She has a history of jogging for many years. Since the diagnosis, she has been on ibuprofen for three months but has complaints such as stomach aches and pain. Celecoxib 100mg orally twice daily has been prescribed. This essay will focus on the first-linetherapy for osteoarthritis, the relationship between celecoxib and heart problems, and a comparison of ibuprofen and Celecoxib.
Acetaminophen is the recommended first-line therapy for mild and intermittent symptoms of osteoarthritis. When there is minor pain, it may be used on occasion. As it does not affect changing the structure, it should only be utilized sparingly. Patients should only take 4 grams of acetaminophen per day.Acetaminophen reduces the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways activity in the central neurological system but not the peripheral tissues (Jang et al., 2021). Acetaminophen is hypothesized to have analgesic and antipyretic properties because it inhibits the COX pathway, decreasing prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system.
Studies show that Celebrex has been demonstrated to cause arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, in laboratory studies through a new route unrelated to its COX-2 suppression. People who take Celebrex twice a day at a dose of 400 mg are three times more likely than non-users to suffer a heart attack, another type of heart issue, or a stroke (Cheng et al., 2021). A cardiovascular incident is roughly two times more likely for individuals who take 200 milligrams twice daily and 10% more likely for those who take 400 milligrams once daily. A patient taking Celecoxib should be assessed for allergies to NSAIDS or sulfonamides. During history taking and physical examination, the clinician should assess the range of motion, pain severity, and swelling to monitor any improvement with therapy.
Celecoxib is a COX-2 inhibitor that prevents the body from producing a chemical that promotes inflammation and pain. It relieves pain, swelling, and tenderness of a joint. It promotes an adequate range of motion and reduces joint stiffness. On the other hand, Celecoxib has various health risks and side effects. It has been demonstrated to cause arrhythmias and poses a risk factor for cerebrovascular issues such as stroke (Cheng et al., 2021). The side effects of Celecoxib are bloating or gas, a sore throat, cold symptoms, constipation, dizziness, or dysgeusia. Additionally, it is associated with a rise in weight without cause, breathing problems or shortness of breath, swollen lower legs, feet, ankles, or abdomen, diarrhea, nausea, extreme fatigue, uncommon bruising or bleeding, Itching, and rash.
Celecoxib and ibuprofen are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) indicated for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. NSAIDs function by preventing the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for pain and inflammation. Two enzymes, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 produce prostaglandin (COX-2) (Jang et al., 2021). The difference between the two drugs is that average therapy for Celecoxib varies from weeks to years, while ibuprofen varies from days to weeks, with some needing to take months or years. Celecoxib is indicated for children over two and adults, while ibuprofen is indicated in children older than six months and adults.