You must answer the following essay question. You want to demonstrate your mastery of the material and an understanding of how the last three units of the course fit together.

In a neoliberal, risk society, social justice issues are framed as matters best dealt with through the criminal justice system at the same time as community members are responsibilized for keeping themselves safe. This leads to exclusion and segregation for those framed as “threatening” and “war” is waged on both crime but other social problems as well (Whiteacre & Pepinsky, 2002). Sex offenders are seen as requiring the panoptic control of the criminal justice system and then face disintegrative, synoptic control upon release (Petrunik, 2002) because they are seen as “absolute others”. Certain drug users are framed as necessitating a combination of punishment and therapy to deal with their addiction so they remain “crime-free” (Lyons, 2013). Psychiatric communities that deinstitutionalization sought to eliminate have re-established themselves in the emergency shelter system and the criminal justice system has become the “catch-all” for the mentally ill (Chaimowitz, 2012; Navasky & O’Connor, 2005). These approaches reproduce dislocation and do not attend to suffering (Maté, 2008). Individuals remain excluded and stigmatized such that they cannot heal or feel secure (Coltman et al., 2015; Woodhall-Melnik et al., 2017) and people cannot see themselves differently so as desist from socially harmful behaviour (Fox, 2016; Hannem & Petrunik, 2007; Petrunik, 2002). Authorities tout community interventions as effective means to deal with crime but why are social problems best tackled through “community”?